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電子產品全自動柔性組裝線
發布者:電子產品全自動柔性組裝線,深圳市豪林精密機械有限公司  發布時間:2019-10-14

電子產品全自動柔性組裝線是指在較少(shao)的(de)人(ren)工(gong)直接或間接干預下,將(jiang)原材料加工(gong)成零件(jian)或將(jiang)零件(jian)組裝成產(chan)(chan)品(pin),在加工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中實現管理過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)藝過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)。管理過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)括(kuo)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)優化(hua)設計;程(cheng)(cheng)序的(de)編(bian)制及(ji)工(gong)藝的(de)生成;設備(bei)的(de)組織及(ji)協調(diao)(diao);材料的(de)計劃(hua)與(yu)分配;環境(jing)的(de)監控等(deng)(deng)。工(gong)藝過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)括(kuo)工(gong)件(jian)的(de)裝卸、儲存(cun)和(he)(he)(he)輸送(song);刀具的(de)裝配、調(diao)(diao)整、輸送(song)和(he)(he)(he)更換(huan);工(gong)件(jian)的(de)切(qie)削加工(gong)、排(pai)屑(xie)、清(qing)洗(xi)和(he)(he)(he)測量;切(qie)屑(xie)的(de)輸送(song)、切(qie)削液(ye)的(de)凈化(hua)處理等(deng)(deng)。

      

      自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)系統(tong)包括(kuo)剛(gang)(gang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)和(he)(he)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao),“剛(gang)(gang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”的(de)含義是指(zhi)該生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線只能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)某種或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝相近的(de)某類產(chan)(chan)(chan)品,表現為生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)單一性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。剛(gang)(gang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)包括(kuo)組(zu)(zu)合(he)機床、專用機床、剛(gang)(gang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線等(deng)(deng)。“柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”是指(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)形式和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品及工(gong)藝的(de)多樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)變性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),可(ke)具體表現為機床的(de)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、加工(gong)的(de)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、批量的(de)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)。柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)包括(kuo)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)單元(FMC)、柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)系統(tong)(FMS)、柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)線(FML)、柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)裝配線(FAL)、計算機集成制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)系統(tong)(CIMS)等(deng)(deng)。下(xia)面依據自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)系統(tong)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能力和(he)(he)智能程度進行分類介紹。

 


一、剛(gang)性自動(dong)化(hua)生產

      1、剛性半自動化單機

除上下料外(wai),機(ji)(ji)床可以自動(dong)地完成單個工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝過程的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)循環,這(zhe)樣的(de)機(ji)(ji)床稱為剛性半自動(dong)化機(ji)(ji)床。這(zhe)種機(ji)(ji)床一般是(shi)機(ji)(ji)械或電(dian)液(ye)復合控(kong)制(zhi)式(shi)組合機(ji)(ji)床和(he)專(zhuan)用機(ji)(ji)床,可以進行多(duo)面(mian)、多(duo)軸、多(duo)刀(dao)同時(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備按工(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝順序依次(ci)排列;切削刀(dao)具(ju)由(you)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)裝、調(diao)整,實行定時(shi)強制(zhi)換刀(dao),如(ru)果出現(xian)刀(dao)具(ju)破損、折斷,可進行應急換刀(dao);例如(ru):單臺組合機(ji)(ji)床,通用多(duo)刀(dao)半自動(dong)車床,轉塔(ta)車床等。從復雜程度(du)講,剛性半自動(dong)化單機(ji)(ji)實現(xian)的(de)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)自動(dong)化的(de)最低(di)層(ceng)次(ci),但(dan)是(shi)投資少、見(jian)效快,適用于產品品種變化范圍和(he)生產批(pi)量都較大的(de)制(zhi)造(zao)系統。缺點(dian)是(shi)調(diao)整工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量大,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量較差,工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)勞動(dong)強度(du)也(ye)大。

      2、剛性自動化單機

它是在剛(gang)性半自(zi)動(dong)化單機(ji)的(de)基礎(chu)上增加(jia)自(zi)動(dong)上、下料等(deng)輔助裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置而形成的(de)自(zi)動(dong)化機(ji)床(chuang)。輔助裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置包括自(zi)動(dong)工(gong)(gong)件輸送、上料,下料、自(zi)動(dong)夾具、升(sheng)降(jiang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和轉位裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等(deng);切屑處理一般(ban)由刮(gua)板器和螺旋傳送裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置完(wan)成。這(zhe)種(zhong)機(ji)床(chuang)實現的(de)也是單個工(gong)(gong)藝過(guo)程的(de)全部加(jia)工(gong)(gong)循環。這(zhe)種(zhong)機(ji)床(chuang)往往需要定做或改裝(zhuang)(zhuang),常用(yong)于品種(zhong)變化很(hen)小,但(dan)生產批(pi)量(liang)特別大的(de)場(chang)合。主要特點是投(tou)資少、見(jian)效快,但(dan)通用(yong)性差,是大量(liang)生產最常見(jian)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備。

  ;    3、剛性(xing)自動化(hua)生產線

剛(gang)性(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)多(duo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)位生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng),用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)輸(shu)送(song)系(xi)(xi)統將各種自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備(bei)和(he)輔助設(she)備(bei)按(an)一(yi)定的順序連接起來(lai),在控制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統的作用(yong)(yong)下完(wan)成單個零件(jian)(jian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的復雜(za)大系(xi)(xi)統。在剛(gang)性(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上,被加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)零件(jian)(jian)以一(yi)定的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)節拍,順序通(tong)過各個工(gong)(gong)(gong)作位置,自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)完(wan)成零件(jian)(jian)預定的全(quan)部(bu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)部(bu)分(fen)檢測過程(cheng)(cheng)。因此,與剛(gang)性(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化單機相比,它的結構復雜(za),任務完(wan)成的工(gong)(gong)(gong)序多(duo),所以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)效率也很(hen)高,是(shi)少(shao)品(pin)種、大量生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)必不(bu)可(ke)少(shao)的加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)裝備(bei)。除此之外,剛(gang)性(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)還具有可(ke)以有效縮(suo)短(duan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi),取消(xiao)半成品(pin)的中間庫(ku)存,縮(suo)短(duan)物(wu)料流程(cheng)(cheng),減少(shao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)面積,改善勞動(dong)(dong)條件(jian)(jian),便(bian)于(yu)(yu)管理等優點(dian)。它的主(zhu)要缺點(dian)是(shi)投資大,系(xi)(xi)統調(diao)整周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)長(chang),更(geng)換(huan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)不(bu)方便(bian)。為了(le)消(xiao)除這些缺點(dian),人們發(fa)展(zhan)了(le)組合(he)機床自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)線(xian)(xian)(xian),可(ke)以大幅度縮(suo)短(duan)建線(xian)(xian)(xian)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi),更(geng)換(huan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)后(hou)只(zhi)需(xu)更(geng)換(huan)機床的某(mou)些部(bu)件(jian)(jian)即可(ke)(例如可(ke)更(geng)換(huan)主(zhu)軸(zhou)箱),大大縮(suo)短(duan)了(le)系(xi)(xi)統的調(diao)整時(shi)間,降(jiang)低了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)成本,并能收到較(jiao)好的使用(yong)(yong)效果和(he)經濟效果。組合(he)機床自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)箱體(ti)類(lei)零件(jian)(jian)和(he)其他類(lei)型(xing)非(fei)回轉(zhuan)體(ti)的鉆、擴、鉸、鏜、攻螺紋和(he)銑削(xue)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)序的加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。剛(gang)性(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)目(mu)前正在向剛(gang)柔(rou)結合(he)的方向發(fa)展(zhan)。

      圖8-1所示為(wei)加(jia)工曲拐(guai)零件的剛性自動(dong)線總體布局圖。該(gai)自動(dong)線年(nian)生(sheng)產曲拐(guai)零件1700件,毛坯是球墨鑄鐵件。由(you)于工件形狀不規則,沒有合(he)適的輸送基面,因而采用了隨行夾具安裝定位,便(bian)于工件的輸送。

      該曲拐加工(gong)(gong)自動線(xian)(xian)由(you)7臺(tai)組(zu)合機(ji)(ji)(ji)床和1個裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸工(gong)(gong)位組(zu)成。全線(xian)(xian)定(ding)位夾緊機(ji)(ji)(ji)構由(you)1個泵站(zhan)集中供油。工(gong)(gong)件的輸送(song)采用(yong)步伐式輸送(song)帶,輸送(song)帶用(yong)鋼絲繩牽(qian)引式傳動裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置驅動。因(yin)毛坯在隨(sui)行(xing)夾具上定(ding)位需要(yao)人工(gong)(gong)找正,沒有采用(yong)自動上下(xia)料(liao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。在機(ji)(ji)(ji)床加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)位上采用(yong)壓(ya)縮空氣(qi)噴吹方式排(pai)(pai)除切(qie)屑,全線(xian)(xian)集中供給壓(ya)縮空氣(qi)。切(qie)屑運(yun)送(song)采用(yong)鏈板式排(pai)(pai)屑裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置,從機(ji)(ji)(ji)床中間底座下(xia)方運(yun)送(song)切(qie)屑。

      自(zi)(zi)動線(xian)(xian)布局采用直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)式,工(gong)(gong)件輸(shu)送(song)帶貫(guan)穿各工(gong)(gong)位,工(gong)(gong)件裝卸工(gong)(gong)位4設(she)在自(zi)(zi)動線(xian)(xian)末端(duan)(duan)。隨行夾(jia)具連同工(gong)(gong)件毛坯經(jing)升(sheng)降機(ji)5提升(sheng),從機(ji)床上(shang)方送(song)到自(zi)(zi)動線(xian)(xian)的始(shi)端(duan)(duan),輸(shu)送(song)過程中沒有切屑(xie)撒(sa)落(luo)到機(ji)床上(shang)、輸(shu)送(song)帶上(shang)和地面上(shang)。切屑(xie)運送(song)方向與工(gong)(gong)件輸(shu)送(song)方向相反,斗式切屑(xie)提升(sheng)機(ji)1設(she)在自(zi)(zi)動線(xian)(xian)始(shi)端(duan)(duan)。中央控制臺(tai)6設(she)在自(zi)(zi)動線(xian)(xian)末端(duan)(duan)位置。

      剛性(xing)自動線(xian)生產率(lv)高,但柔性(xing)較(jiao)差,當(dang)加工工件變化時,需要停(ting)(ting)機、停(ting)(ting)線(xian)并對(dui)機床(chuang)、夾具(ju)、刀具(ju)等工裝設備進行調(diao)整或更(geng)換(如更(geng)換主(zhu)軸箱、刀具(ju)、夾具(ju)等),通(tong)常調(diao)整工作量大,停(ting)(ting)產時間較(jiao)長。

 

 

 

      二、柔性制造單元FMC

      柔性制造單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(Flexible Manufacturing Cell)是(shi)由單(dan)臺數控機(ji)床、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中心、工(gong)(gong)件自(zi)動(dong)輸送及(ji)更換系統(tong)(tong)等組(zu)成。它是(shi)實現單(dan)工(gong)(gong)序加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)可變(bian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan),單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)內的(de)機(ji)床在工(gong)(gong)藝能力上通常(chang)是(shi)相互補充的(de),可混流加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)不同的(de)零(ling)件。系統(tong)(tong)對外(wai)設(she)有(you)接(jie)口,可與(yu)其它單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)成柔性制造系統(tong)(tong)。

     

       1、FMC控制系(xi)統(tong)

      FMC控(kong)制系統一般分(fen)二級,分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)單元控(kong)制級和設備控(kong)制級。

     (1)設(she)備控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)級(ji) 是針對各種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備,如機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床、坐標(biao)測量機(ji)(ji)(ji)、小車(che)、傳送(song)裝置等的單(dan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。這(zhe)一級(ji)的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統向(xiang)上與單(dan)元控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統用接口連(lian)(lian)接,向(xiang)下(xia)與設(she)備連(lian)(lian)接。設(she)備控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的功(gong)能(neng)是把工(gong)作站(zhan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)命令轉換(huan)成可(ke)操(cao)作的、有(you)次(ci)序的簡單(dan)任務,并(bing)通過各種(zhong)(zhong)傳感器(qi)監控(kong)(kong)這(zhe)些任務的執行(xing)。設(she)備控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)級(ji)一般(ban)采(cai)用具有(you)較強控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)功(gong)能(neng)的微(wei)型計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)、總線控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或可(ke)編程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)等工(gong)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

      (2)單(dan)元(yuan)控(kong)制(zhi)級 這(zhe)一級控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)指揮和協調單(dan)元(yuan)中各(ge)設備的(de)(de)活(huo)動,處理(li)由(you)物料貯運系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)交來的(de)(de)零件托(tuo)盤,并通(tong)過控(kong)制(zhi)工件調整、零件夾緊、切削加工、切屑清除、加工過程中檢驗、卸下工件以及(ji)清洗工件等功能對設備級各(ge)子系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行調度。單(dan)元(yuan)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)一般采用具有有限實時處理(li)能力的(de)(de)微型(xing)計(ji)算機或工作站。單(dan)元(yuan)控(kong)制(zhi)級通(tong)過RS232接(jie)口與(yu)設備控(kong)制(zhi)級之間進行通(tong)訊(xun),并可以通(tong)過該接(jie)口與(yu)其它系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)組成FMS。

 


      2、FMC的基本控制功(gong)能(neng)

     (1)單元(yuan)中各(ge)加工設備的(de)任務管(guan)理(li)與調度,其中包括制定單元(yuan)作業計劃、計劃的(de)管(guan)理(li)與調度、設備和單元(yuan)運行狀(zhuang)態的(de)登(deng)錄(lu)與上(shang)報。

     (2)單元內物流設備的(de)管理與調度,這(zhe)些設備包括傳送帶、有軌或無軌物料(liao)運輸車、機器人、托盤系統、工件裝卸站等。

     (3)刀具(ju)(ju)系統(tong)的管理,包括向車(che)間(jian)控(kong)制(zhi)器和刀具(ju)(ju)預調儀提出刀具(ju)(ju)請求、將刀具(ju)(ju)分發至需要(yao)它的機床等。

 


      圖(tu)8-2 柔性制造單元

      1—數(shu)控(kong)車(che)床 2—加(jia)工中(zhong)心(xin)(xin) 3—裝卸工位 4—龍門式機械手 5—機器人6—加(jia)工中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)控(kong)制器

      7—車床數(shu)控(kong)裝(zhuang)置 8—龍(long)門式機(ji)械手(shou)控(kong)制器(qi) 9—小(xiao)車控(kong)制器(qi)10—加工(gong)中心控(kong)制器(qi) 11—機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)控(kong)制器(qi)

      12—單元控制器 13、14—運輸(shu)小車(che)

      圖8-2所示為一加(jia)工(gong)回轉體零件(jian)為主的(de)柔性(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)造單(dan)(dan)元。它(ta)包括1臺數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)車床,1臺加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心(xin),兩臺運(yun)輸(shu)小車用于在工(gong)件(jian)裝卸工(gong)位3、數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)車床1和(he)加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)2之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)輸(shu)送(song),龍門式機(ji)械手4用來為數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)車床裝卸工(gong)件(jian)和(he)更換(huan)刀(dao)具,機(ji)器(qi)(qi)人5進行加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)刀(dao)具庫和(he)機(ji)外刀(dao)庫6之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)刀(dao)具交(jiao)換(huan)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)由(you)車床數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)裝置(zhi)7,龍門式機(ji)械手控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)8,小車控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)9,加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)10,機(ji)器(qi)(qi)人控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)11和(he)單(dan)(dan)元控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)12等組成。單(dan)(dan)元控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)負責對單(dan)(dan)元組成設備的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、調度、信息交(jiao)換(huan)和(he)監(jian)視。

 


      圖8-3 帶托盤庫的柔(rou)性制造單(dan)元

       1-刀具庫 2-換(huan)刀機(ji)械手 3-托盤庫 4-裝卸工位(wei) 5-托盤交換(huan)機(ji)構

       圖8-3所示是加工(gong)棱體零件的柔性制造單元(yuan)。單元(yuan)主機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一臺臥式加工(gong)中心,刀(dao)(dao)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容量(liang)為70把(ba),采用(yong)雙機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)手換刀(dao)(dao),配有8工(gong)位自動交(jiao)換托(tuo)(tuo)盤庫(ku)(ku)(ku)。托(tuo)(tuo)盤庫(ku)(ku)(ku)為環(huan)(huan)形轉(zhuan)盤,托(tuo)(tuo)盤庫(ku)(ku)(ku)臺面(mian)支承在(zai)圓柱環(huan)(huan)形導軌上,由內(nei)側(ce)的環(huan)(huan)鏈(lian)拖(tuo)動而回轉(zhuan),鏈(lian)輪(lun)由電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動。托(tuo)(tuo)盤的選(xuan)擇和定(ding)位由可編(bian)程控制器控制,托(tuo)(tuo)盤庫(ku)(ku)(ku)具有正反向回轉(zhuan)、隨機(ji)(ji)(ji)選(xuan)擇及(ji)跳躍(yue)分度等(deng)功能。托(tuo)(tuo)盤的交(jiao)換由設在(zai)環(huan)(huan)形臺面(mian)中央的液壓推(tui)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)實現(xian)。托(tuo)(tuo)盤庫(ku)(ku)(ku)旁設有工(gong)件裝(zhuang)卸工(gong)位,機(ji)(ji)(ji)床兩側(ce)設有自動排屑裝(zhuang)置。

 


      三、柔性制造系統FMS

      柔性制造系統(tong)(tong)(Flexible Manufacturing System)是由兩臺或兩臺以(yi)上加(jia)工中心或數控機床組(zu)成,并(bing)在加(jia)工自動化的(de)基礎上實現物料流(liu)和信息流(liu)的(de)自動化,其基本組(zu)成部(bu)分有:自動化加(jia)工設備(bei),工件儲(chu)運系統(tong)(tong),刀具儲(chu)運系統(tong)(tong),多層(ceng)計算機控制系統(tong)(tong)等。

      1、自動化加工設備

組成FMS的自動化(hua)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備有(you)數(shu)控機床(chuang)、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中心、車削中心等,也可能是(shi)柔性(xing)制(zhi)造單(dan)元(yuan)。這(zhe)些(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備都(dou)是(shi)計算機控制(zhi)的,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)零件的改變(bian)一般只需要改變(bian)數(shu)控程序,因而具有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的柔性(xing)。自動化(hua)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備是(shi)自動化(hua)制(zhi)造系統最基本,也是(shi)最重要的設(she)(she)備。

      2、工(gong)件儲運(yun)系統

FMS工件(jian)儲運(yun)(yun)系(xi)統由(you)工件(jian)庫(ku)(ku)、工件(jian)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)設(she)備和更換裝置等組成(cheng)。工件(jian)庫(ku)(ku)包括(kuo)自動化立(li)體(ti)倉庫(ku)(ku)和托(tuo)盤(工件(jian))緩沖站。工件(jian)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)設(she)備包括(kuo)各(ge)種(zhong)傳送帶、運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)小車、機器人(ren)或機械(xie)手(shou)等。工件(jian)更換裝置包括(kuo)各(ge)種(zhong)機器人(ren)或機械(xie)手(shou)、托(tuo)盤交換裝置等。

     3、刀具儲運系統(tong)

FMS的(de)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)儲(chu)運(yun)系統由刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)庫、刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)輸送裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)交換機(ji)(ji)(ji)構等(deng)組成。刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)庫有中央刀(dao)(dao)庫和(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)刀(dao)(dao)庫。刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)輸送裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)有不同(tong)形式的(de)運(yun)輸小車、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人或機(ji)(ji)(ji)械手(shou)。刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)交換裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)通(tong)常是指機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)上的(de)換刀(dao)(dao)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構,如換刀(dao)(dao)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械手(shou)。

     4、輔助設備(bei)

FMS可以根據生產需要(yao)配置輔(fu)助設(she)備(bei)。輔(fu)助設(she)備(bei)一般(ban)包括:①自動清洗工作站;②自動去毛刺設(she)備(bei);③自動測量(liang)設(she)備(bei);④集中切屑運(yun)輸系(xi)統;⑤集中冷(leng)卻潤滑系(xi)統等。

     5、多層(ceng)計算(suan)機控制系統(tong)

     FMS的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統采用三(san)級(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),分(fen)別是單(dan)元控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)級(ji)、工作站控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)級(ji)、設備控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)級(ji)。圖8-4就是一個FMS控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統實(shi)例,系(xi)統包括自動導向小車(AGV)、TH6350臥式(shi)加工中心、XH714A立式(shi)加工中心和倉儲設備等。

 


     圖8-4 FMS控制系統(tong)實例

    (1)設(she)(she)(she)備控制級(ji) 是針對各種(zhong)設(she)(she)(she)備,如(ru)機器人、機床、坐標測量機、小(xiao)車、傳(chuan)(chuan)送裝置(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)儲存/檢索(suo)等的(de)(de)(de)單機控制。這(zhe)一級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)控制系(xi)統向上與工作(zuo)(zuo)站(zhan)控制系(xi)統用接(jie)口(kou)連(lian)接(jie),向下與設(she)(she)(she)備連(lian)接(jie)。設(she)(she)(she)備控制器的(de)(de)(de)功能是把工作(zuo)(zuo)站(zhan)控制器命令轉換成(cheng)可操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)、有次(ci)序的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)單任務,并通(tong)過各種(zhong)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器監控這(zhe)些任務的(de)(de)(de)執行。

    (2)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)級(ji) FMS工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)分成(cheng)(cheng)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)和物流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)完成(cheng)(cheng)各工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流(liu)程、刀(dao)具(ju)更(geng)換、檢(jian)驗(yan)等管理;物流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)完成(cheng)(cheng)原(yuan)料、成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)及半成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)存、運輸、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位變換等管理。這一(yi)級(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統是指揮和協調單元中(zhong)一(yi)個設備小組的(de)(de)(de)活動,處理由物料貯運系(xi)統交來的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)托盤,并通過(guo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)調整(zheng)、零(ling)件(jian)(jian)夾(jia)緊(jin)、切削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、切屑(xie)清除、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)檢(jian)驗(yan)、卸下工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)以及清洗工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)等功能對設備級(ji)各子系(xi)統進行調度(du)。設備控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)級(ji)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)級(ji)等控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統一(yi)般(ban)采用具(ju)有較(jiao)強控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功能的(de)(de)(de)有實(shi)時控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功能的(de)(de)(de)微型計(ji)算(suan)機、總線控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機或可編程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)機。

    (3)單元控(kong)制(zhi)級 單元控(kong)制(zhi)級作(zuo)(zuo)為FMS的(de)(de)最(zui)高一級控(kong)制(zhi),是全部生(sheng)產活動的(de)(de)總體控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統,同時它還(huan)是承(cheng)上(shang)啟(qi)下(xia)、溝(gou)通(tong)與上(shang)級(車間)控(kong)制(zhi)器信(xin)息(xi)聯系(xi)的(de)(de)橋梁。因此,單元控(kong)制(zhi)器對實現底三層(ceng)有效的(de)(de)集成控(kong)制(zhi),提高FMS的(de)(de)經濟效益,特別是生(sheng)產能力,具有十分重要的(de)(de)意義。單元控(kong)制(zhi)級一般采(cai)用具有較強實時處理(li)能力的(de)(de)小(xiao)型計算機或工作(zuo)(zuo)站。

 


      圖8-5是一種較典型的FMS,4臺加工中心(xin)直線布置(zhi),工件儲(chu)運系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)由托(tuo)盤站(zhan)(zhan)2、托(tuo)盤運輸(shu)(shu)無軌小車4、工件裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸(xie)工位3和(he)(he)布置(zhi)在加工中心(xin)前(qian)面的托(tuo)盤交換裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)12等組成(cheng)。刀具(ju)儲(chu)運系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)由中央刀庫8、刀具(ju)進出站(zhan)(zhan)6、刀具(ju)輸(shu)(shu)送機(ji)器人移動(dong)車7和(he)(he)刀具(ju)預調儀5等組成(cheng)。單(dan)元控(kong)(kong)制器9、工作站(zhan)(zhan)控(kong)(kong)制器(圖中未(wei)標出)和(he)(he)設備(bei)控(kong)(kong)制裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)組成(cheng)三(san)級計算機(ji)控(kong)(kong)制。切屑運輸(shu)(shu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有采用(yong)集中運輸(shu)(shu)方式,每(mei)臺加工中心(xin)均配有切屑運輸(shu)(shu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。

 


      圖(tu)8-6 具有裝配功能的柔性(xing)制造系統

     ; 1—控制(zhi)柜 2—手工工位(wei) 3—緊固機器人 4—裝配機器人 5—雙臂(bei)機器人 6—清洗站(zhan) 7—倉庫

      8—車(che)削(xue)加工中(zhong)(zhong)心 9—多(duo)坐(zuo)標測量儀 10—鏜銑(xian)加工中(zhong)(zhong)心 11—刀具預調(diao)站(zhan) 12—裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配機器人 13—小件裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配站(zhan) 14—裝(zhuang)(zhuang)夾(jia)站(zhan) 15—AGV(自動導引(yin)小車(che)) 16—控制區(qu)

      圖(tu)8-6所(suo)示是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)具(ju)(ju)有柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)裝配功能(neng)的(de)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)制造系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。圖(tu)的(de)右(you)部是加(jia)工系(xi)(xi)統(tong),有一(yi)(yi)臺鏜銑(xian)加(jia)工中心10和一(yi)(yi)臺車削中心8。9是多坐標測量儀,7是立體倉庫、14是裝夾具(ju)(ju)區(qu)。圖(tu)的(de)左部是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)裝配系(xi)(xi)統(tong),其中有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)裝載機(ji)(ji)器人12、三(san)個(ge)(ge)裝夾具(ju)(ju)機(ji)(ji)器人3、4、13;一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)雙臂機(ji)(ji)器人5、一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)手工工位2和傳(chuan)送帶。柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工和柔(rou)(rou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)裝配兩個(ge)(ge)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)由一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)自動導向小車作為運輸系(xi)(xi)統(tong)15連接(jie)。測量設備也集成在總控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)范(fan)圍內。

 


      柔性(xing)制造系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)主要特(te)點(dian)有:①柔性(xing)高,適應多品種中小批(pi)量生(sheng)(sheng)產;②系(xi)(xi)統內的(de)(de)機床工藝(yi)能(neng)力上(shang)是相(xiang)互補充和(he)相(xiang)互替代(dai)的(de)(de);③可(ke)混流加工不同的(de)(de)零件;④系(xi)(xi)統局(ju)部調整或維修不中斷(duan)整個系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)運作;⑤多層計(ji)算機控制,可(ke)以和(he)上(shang)層計(ji)算機聯網;⑥可(ke)進行(xing)三班無人干預生(sheng)(sheng)產。

 


      四、柔性制造(zao)線FML

      制造(zao)柔性(xing)(xing)線(Flexible Manufacturing Line)由自動化加工(gong)設備、工(gong)件(jian)輸送(song)系(xi)統和(he)控(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統等組(zu)成(cheng)。柔性(xing)(xing)制造(zao)線FML與柔性(xing)(xing)制造(zao)系(xi)統之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)界限也很模糊,兩(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要區別是前者(zhe)(zhe)象剛性(xing)(xing)自動線一(yi)樣,具有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產節(jie)拍,工(gong)作(zuo)沿一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向順序(xu)(xu)傳送(song),后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)則沒(mei)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產節(jie)拍,工(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳送(song)方(fang)向也是隨機(ji)性(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)。柔性(xing)(xing)制造(zao)線主(zhu)要適用于品種變(bian)化不大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中批和(he)大(da)批量生(sheng)產,線上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)床(chuang)主(zhu)要是多軸(zhou)主(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)換箱(xiang)(xiang)式和(he)轉塔式加工(gong)中心。在工(gong)件(jian)變(bian)換以(yi)后(hou),各機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)(xiang)可自動進行更換,同(tong)時調(diao)(diao)入相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)數控(kong)(kong)程序(xu)(xu),生(sheng)產節(jie)拍也會作(zuo)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)整。

      柔(rou)性(xing)(xing)制造線(xian)(xian)的(de)主要(yao)優點是:具有剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自(zi)動線(xian)(xian)的(de)絕大部(bu)分優點,當批量不很大時,生產成本比剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自(zi)動線(xian)(xian)低(di)得多,當品(pin)種改(gai)變時,系統所需的(de)調整時間又比剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自(zi)動線(xian)(xian)少(shao)得多,但建(jian)立系統的(de)總費(fei)用(yong)卻比剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自(zi)動線(xian)(xian)高(gao)(gao)得多。有時為了節省(sheng)投資,提高(gao)(gao)系統的(de)運行(xing)效率,柔(rou)性(xing)(xing)制造線(xian)(xian)常采用(yong)剛(gang)柔(rou)結合(he)的(de)形式(shi),即生產線(xian)(xian)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分設(she)備采用(yong)剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)專用(yong)設(she)備(主要(yao)是組合(he)機床),另一(yi)部(bu)分采用(yong)換箱或換刀式(shi)柔(rou)性(xing)(xing)加工機床。

      1、自(zi)動化加工(gong)設備 組(zu)成FML的(de)自(zi)動化加工(gong)設備有數控機(ji)(ji)床、可(ke)(ke)換(huan)主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)機(ji)(ji)床。可(ke)(ke)換(huan)主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)機(ji)(ji)床是介于加工(gong)中心和組(zu)合機(ji)(ji)床之間的(de)一種中間機(ji)(ji)型(xing)。可(ke)(ke)換(huan)主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)機(ji)(ji)床周圍有主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)庫(ku),根據加工(gong)工(gong)件的(de)需(xu)要(yao)更換(huan)主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)。主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)通常是多(duo)(duo)軸(zhou)的(de),可(ke)(ke)換(huan)主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)箱(xiang)機(ji)(ji)床對工(gong)件進行多(duo)(duo)面、多(duo)(duo)軸(zhou)、多(duo)(duo)刀同(tong)時(shi)加工(gong),是一種高效機(ji)(ji)床。

      2、工(gong)(gong)件輸(shu)送系統(tong) FML的工(gong)(gong)件輸(shu)送系統(tong)和(he)剛性自動線類似(si),采用(yong)各種傳送帶(dai)輸(shu)送工(gong)(gong)件,工(gong)(gong)件的流(liu)向與加(jia)工(gong)(gong)順序一致,依次通過各加(jia)工(gong)(gong)站。

      3、刀具(ju)(ju) 可換主軸(zhou)箱上裝有多把刀具(ju)(ju),主軸(zhou)箱本身起著刀具(ju)(ju)庫的(de)作用(yong),刀具(ju)(ju)的(de)安裝、調(diao)整(zheng)一(yi)般由人工進行,采用(yong)定時(shi)強制換刀。

      

      圖(tu) 8-7 柔(rou)性制造線示(shi)意圖(tu)

      圖(tu)8-7為一加工(gong)箱體(ti)零件(jian)的(de)柔性(xing)(xing)自動線(xian)示意圖(tu),它(ta)由2臺(tai)對(dui)面(mian)布置(zhi)的(de)數控銑床,4臺(tai)兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)對(dui)面(mian)布置(zhi)的(de)轉塔(ta)式換箱機床和(he)1臺(tai)循式換箱機床組(zu)成。采用(yong)輥道(dao)傳送帶(dai)輸送工(gong)件(jian)。這(zhe)條自動線(xian)看起來和(he)剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自動線(xian)沒有(you)什么區(qu)別,但(dan)它(ta)具(ju)(ju)有(you)一定的(de)柔性(xing)(xing)。FML同(tong)時具(ju)(ju)有(you)剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自動線(xian)和(he)FMS的(de)某些特征。在柔性(xing)(xing)上接近FMS,在生產率上接近剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)自動線(xian)。

      

      五、柔性裝配(pei)線(xian)FAL

      柔性裝配(pei)線(Flexible Assembly Line)通常由裝配(pei)站、物料輸(shu)送裝置和(he)控制系統等組(zu)成。

      1、裝配站

      FAL中的裝(zhuang)配站可以是可編(bian)程的裝(zhuang)配機器人,不(bu)可編(bian)程的自(zi)動裝(zhuang)配裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和人工裝(zhuang)配工位。

      2、物料輸送裝置

      在FAL中,物料輸送(song)裝(zhuang)置根據裝(zhuang)配(pei)工藝流程(cheng)為裝(zhuang)配(pei)線提供(gong)各種(zhong)裝(zhuang)配(pei)零件,使(shi)不同(tong)的零件和已裝(zhuang)配(pei)成的半成品合理地在各裝(zhuang)配(pei)點間流動,同(tong)時還(huan)要將成品部(bu)件(或產品)運離現場。輸送(song)裝(zhuang)置由傳送(song)帶和換向機構等組成。

      3、控制系統

FAL的控(kong)制系統(tong)對全(quan)線進行調度(du)和監控(kong),主要是控(kong)制物料的流向、自動裝(zhuang)配(pei)站(zhan)和裝(zhuang)配(pei)機(ji)器人。

      

       圖(tu)8-8 柔性裝(zhuang)配(pei)示意圖(tu)

      1—無人駕駛輸送裝置 2—傳送帶 3—雙臂裝配機器(qi)人 4—裝配機器(qi)人

      5—擰(ning)螺紋機器人 6—自(zi)動裝配(pei)站(zhan) 7—人工裝配(pei)工位 8—投(tou)料工作站(zhan)

      圖(tu)8-8是FAL的(de)示意圖(tu),線中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)無人(ren)(ren)(ren)駕駛輸送裝(zhuang)置1,傳送帶2,雙臂裝(zhuang)配(pei)機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)3,裝(zhuang)配(pei)機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)4,擰螺紋機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)5,自動(dong)裝(zhuang)配(pei)站(zhan)6,人(ren)(ren)(ren)工裝(zhuang)配(pei)工位7和投料工作站(zhan)8等組(zu)成(cheng)。投料工作站(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)料庫和取(qu)料機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)。料庫有(you)(you)多(duo)層重(zhong)疊放置的(de)盒子,這些(xie)盒子可(ke)以抽出(chu),也稱之為抽屜,待裝(zhuang)配(pei)的(de)零(ling)(ling)件存放在(zai)這些(xie)盒子中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。取(qu)料機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)各種不同的(de)夾爪,它可(ke)以自動(dong)地將零(ling)(ling)件從盒子中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取(qu)出(chu),并擺放在(zai)一個托(tuo)(tuo)盤中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。盛有(you)(you)零(ling)(ling)件的(de)托(tuo)(tuo)盤由傳送帶自動(dong)地送往裝(zhuang)配(pei)機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)裝(zhuang)配(pei)站(zhan)。

 


       六(liu)、計(ji)算機集成制造系統(tong)(CIMS)

       計算(suan)機集成制造系(xi)統(Computer Intergrated Manufacturing System)是一種(zhong)集市場分析(xi)、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)設計、加工制造、經營管(guan)理、售(shou)后服務(wu)與(yu)(yu)一體,借(jie)助于計算(suan)機的(de)的(de)控制與(yu)(yu)信息處(chu)理功能,使企業運作的(de)信息流(liu)、物質流(liu)、價值流(liu)和人力資(zi)源有機融合,實現產(chan)(chan)品(pin)快速(su)更新(xin)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)率大幅提高、質量(liang)穩定、資(zi)金有效利用、損(sun)耗降(jiang)低、人員合理配置、市場快速(su)反饋和良好服務(wu)的(de)全新(xin)的(de)企業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)模式。

    

     ;   1、CIMS的功能構成

CIMS的(de)功能構(gou)成(cheng)包括下列內容,如圖(tu)8-9所示。

(1)管(guan)理(li)(li)功(gong)能(neng) CIMS能(neng)夠(gou)對生產計(ji)劃、材料采購、倉儲(chu)和運輸、資金和財務(wu)以及人(ren)力資源進(jin)行合(he)理(li)(li)配置和有效協調。

(2)設計(ji)功能 CIMS能夠運用CAD、CAE、CAPP(計(ji)算機輔助工藝編制)、NCP(數控程(cheng)序編制)等技術(shu)手段實現產品(pin)設計(ji)、工藝設計(ji)等。

(3)制造(zao)功能(neng) CIMS能(neng)夠按(an)工藝要求,自動組織(zhi)協調生(sheng)產設備(CNC、FMC、FMS、FAL、機器人等)、儲運設備和輔助設備(送料、排屑、清洗等設備)完成制造(zao)過程。

圖8-9 CIMS的組成

(4)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)功(gong)能 CIMS運(yun)用CAQ(計算機(ji)輔(fu)助質量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li))來完成(cheng)生產過(guo)程的質量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)和質量(liang)(liang)保證,它(ta)不僅在軟件(jian)上形成(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)體系,在硬件(jian)上還參與(yu)生產過(guo)程的測(ce)試與(yu)監控(kong)。

(5)集成(cheng)控(kong)制與(yu)網(wang)絡(luo)功能(neng) CIMS采用多層計(ji)算(suan)機管理模(mo)式,例如(ru)工廠控(kong)制級(ji)(ji)(ji)、車(che)間控(kong)制級(ji)(ji)(ji)、單元(yuan)控(kong)制級(ji)(ji)(ji)、工作(zuo)站(zhan)控(kong)制級(ji)(ji)(ji)、設備控(kong)制級(ji)(ji)(ji)等,各級(ji)(ji)(ji)間分工明確、資源共享,并依(yi)賴網(wang)絡(luo)實現信息(xi)傳遞(di)。CIMS還能(neng)夠與(yu)客戶建立網(wang)絡(luo)溝通渠(qu)道,實現自動定貨(huo)、服(fu)務反(fan)饋(kui)、外協(xie)合(he)作(zuo)等。

從上述介紹可知,CIMS是(shi)(shi)目前最高級別的(de)(de)自(zi)動化制(zhi)造(zao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),但這并不意味(wei)著CIMS是(shi)(shi)完全(quan)(quan)自(zi)動化的(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。事實(shi)(shi)上,目前意義上CIMS的(de)(de)自(zi)動化程(cheng)度甚至(zhi)比柔性制(zhi)造(zao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)還要低。CIMS強調的(de)(de)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)信(xin)息集(ji)成,而不是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)造(zao)過程(cheng)物流的(de)(de)自(zi)動化。CIMS的(de)(de)主(zhu)要特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)十分(fen)龐(pang)大,包括的(de)(de)內容(rong)很(hen)多(duo),要在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)企(qi)業完全(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)現難度很(hen)大。但可以(yi)采取部分(fen)集(ji)成的(de)(de)方(fang)式,逐步實(shi)(shi)現整(zheng)個(ge)企(qi)業的(de)(de)信(xin)息及功能集(ji)成。

 


      2、CIMS的關鍵技術

CIMS是(shi)傳統制造技(ji)術、自動化技(ji)術、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)技(ji)術、管理科學(xue)、網絡技(ji)術、系統工程(cheng)技(ji)術綜合應用(yong)的(de)產(chan)物,是(shi)復雜而龐大的(de)系統工程(cheng)。CIMS的(de)主要特(te)征(zheng)是(shi)計算(suan)機(ji)化、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)化、智能化和(he)高度集(ji)成化。目前(qian)各個國家都處在(zai)局部集(ji)成和(he)較低水平的(de)應用(yong)階段,CIMS所(suo)需解決的(de)關鍵技(ji)術主要有(you)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)集(ji)成、過程(cheng)集(ji)成和(he)企業集(ji)成等問題。

(1)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)集(ji)成(cheng) 針對(dui)設計(ji)、管(guan)理和(he)加(jia)工制造的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)單元,實現(xian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)正確、高效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)享和(he)交換,是(shi)(shi)(shi)改善企業技術(shu)和(he)管(guan)理水平必須首先解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。信(xin)(xin)息(xi)集(ji)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)建立企業的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)模(mo)型(xing)。利用企業的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)模(mo)型(xing)來科學的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)和(he)綜合企業的(de)(de)(de)各部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)功能關系(xi)(xi)、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)關系(xi)(xi)和(he)動態關系(xi)(xi),解決(jue)企業的(de)(de)(de)物質流(liu)、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)流(liu)、價值流(liu)、決(jue)策流(liu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi),這是(shi)(shi)(shi)企業信(xin)(xin)息(xi)集(ji)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。其次,由于(yu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中包含了(le)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)操作系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、數(shu)據庫和(he)應用軟件,且各系(xi)(xi)統(tong)間(jian)可能使用不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)通信(xin)(xin)協議(yi),因此信(xin)(xin)息(xi)集(ji)成(cheng)還要(yao)處(chu)理好信(xin)(xin)息(xi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)接口(kou)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

(2)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng) 企業為了(le)提高(gao)T(效率(lv))、Q(質(zhi)(zhi)量)、C(成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben))、S(服(fu)(fu)務)、E(環(huan)境)等目標(biao),除了(le)信息集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)這(zhe)一手段外,還必須處理好過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)間的(de)優化與協(xie)調。過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)要求(qiu)將產品(pin)開(kai)發、工藝設(she)計(ji)、生產制造、供(gong)應銷(xiao)售(shou)中的(de)各串行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)盡量轉變為并行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng),如在產品(pin)設(she)計(ji)時就考慮到(dao)下游工作中的(de)可(ke)(ke)制造性(xing)、可(ke)(ke)裝配(pei)性(xing)、可(ke)(ke)維護性(xing)等,并預見(jian)產品(pin)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量、售(shou)后服(fu)(fu)務內(nei)容等。過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)還包括快速反應和動態調整(zheng),即當某一過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)出(chu)現未預見(jian)偏(pian)差,相關(guan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)及時調整(zheng)規(gui)劃和方案。

(3)企業集成 充分利用全球的物(wu)質資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)、信息資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)、技術資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)、制(zhi)造(zao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)、人才(cai)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)和用戶資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan),滿足以(yi)人為核心(xin)的智能化(hua)和以(yi)用戶為中心(xin)的產品(pin)柔性(xing)化(hua)是(shi)CIMS全球化(hua)目標,企業集成就是(shi)解決資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)共享、資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)優化(hua)、信息服務、虛(xu)擬制(zhi)造(zao)、并行(xing)工(gong)程、網絡平臺等方面的關鍵技術。